Which Latin word signifies "murder" or "slaughter"?

The Latin word "caedes" specifically denotes "murder" or "slaughter." In classical texts, it is often used in contexts relating to violent death or acts of killing, capturing the gravity and brutality of such actions. Its roots in legal and philosophical discussions, such as those found in Cicero’s works, emphasize the moral implications of violence and harm against others.

The other choices do not convey the same meaning: "oportet" translates to "it is necessary" or "one ought to," reflecting obligation rather than violence. "Pestis" means "pest" or "plague," typically associated with disease rather than murder. "Res publica," on the other hand, refers to "the public matter" or "commonwealth," focusing on governance and society. Therefore, "caedes" stands out as the correct term for murder or slaughter due to its specific association with actions of violence.